Backdoor and mega-backdoor Roth math, with the pro-rata rule.
Open the Backdoor Roth tool →When your income is too high to contribute to a Roth directly, two moves get money in anyway. The backdoor: contribute to a traditional IRA without deducting it, then convert it to a Roth. The catch is the pro-rata rule: if you hold any pre-tax IRA money, the IRS treats every conversion as a proportional mix of pre-tax and after-tax dollars, so part of it is taxable. With no pre-tax IRA balance, the conversion is tax-free.
The mega-backdoor uses after-tax 401(k) contributions: your plan's overall §415(c) limit minus your own deferrals and your employer's contributions is room you can fill with after-tax money and convert to Roth, but only if your plan allows after-tax contributions and in-plan conversions. The IRS limits here are read from the current-year notice and cited. This is information, not advice.
Computed entirely on your device for U.S. taxes and benefits. Nothing is ever sent anywhere, and it is free forever. Educational information, not financial, tax, investment, or legal advice.